Music concord Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Music harmony - Essay Example The individuals were in an energized temperament as the presentation of the main melody reached a conclusion (Murph n.pag). The director stopped holding the rod, as he allured the band to begin the following melody. â€Å"Autumn† by John Stevens was a peppy standard of the first tune. A saxophone and piano then again played the song’s tune like they were two sweethearts under the moon light. The song was overpowering and everyone in the corridor appeared to be gesturing to the tunes musically. The second piece of the show included melodies composed by Christian Gouinguene. The allegro arrangement of the tunes made them sound in no way like the first forms. This made the mind-set of the show lobby considerably progressively glad since everyone appeared to appreciate the lively sounding new forms of the melodies (Murph n.pag). One can really say the voila, or quick rhythm, was only the right one for youngsters to appreciate this composer’s melodies without limit. The beat, of the music was constantly getting steadier and quicker like a heartbeat of an elated individual, as the melodies arrived at their peak. The elements of the melody were progressively getting stronger until all instruments arrived at pinnacle and afterward musically changed to a moderate level till the arrangement of tunes finished. After the break, the individuals hushed up again fit to be taken for another invigorating excursion of tunes and agreeable tunes. â€Å"Naked as a Jaybird† by J.J. Johnson began the meeting. The rousing tunes set an affectionate state of mind toward the beginning of the show meeting (Murph n.pag). As the enthusiasm of the melody got progressively intricate and warmed up, the inclination changed as the lead musician and different instruments in the group got into the melodic backup. Be that as it may, there was no huge change in the melodic feel of the piece and the 1, 2, 3 example was perceptible all through the whole tune. After only a brief time, one could likewise hear

The Sandman

E. T. A. Hoffmann's â€Å"The Sandman† lights up Freud's hypothesis of the Uncanny. Freud’s comprehension of Nathaniel in E. T. A. Hoffmann’s â€Å"The Sandman† is that the Nathaniel’s â€Å"madman† like activities are the aftereffect of the arrival of his smothered adolescent material. Nathaniel is the hero and is persuaded that a terrible predetermination anticipates him. His dread spotlights on a compromising elderly person whom he has comprehended since juvenile to be the â€Å"Sandman†, a beast who removes the eyes of youngsters who are alert around evening time. He interfaces the â€Å"sandman† with Coppelius, a partner of his dad and he implicates Coppelius in his dad's death.As a grown-up, Nathaniel frenzy is activated in the wake of having a guest from what he accepts to be the â€Å"sandman† whom as a general rule is a sales rep named Coppola. Freud utilizes E. T. A Hoffmans â€Å"The Sandman† to portray the possibility of suppression of youth edifices. E. T. A. Hoffmann's â€Å"The Sandman† is accepted to be â€Å"uncanny† by Freud. Nathaniel puts stock in the malice â€Å"sand-man† from his youth. He isn't totally adult and experiences difficulty growing up all through the story. His fiancee Clara does whatever it takes not to let his accounts get to him however it just infuriates him.Nathaniel needs individuals to take care of into his accounts yet his accounts drive him to be a maniac. He is sent away to recover at a haven. He meets a man named Coppola who he accepts to be the fiendishness Coppelius/sandman. Nathaniel winds up understanding that he is only a man who sells glasses and pays a couple off of him. While he is away he falls â€Å"in love† with a lifeless thing named Olimpia and overlooks his fiancee Clara. â€Å" But then he had never had such an ideal audience. † He cherishes the way Olimpia simply stay there and tunes in to his acc ounts, he succumbs to her womanly formed figure. Her delightfully formed highlights and her shapely figure constrained general admirations. † Nathaniel winds up annihilating Olimipa, which can fill in as one of his change self images, his narcissistic side. He recollects about his beautiful Clara and gets â€Å"better† he returns home to his family yet Nathaniel isn't better. Clara winds up raising a dim hedge that she spots which helps him to remember the sandman and makes him distraught once more. He endeavors to execute Clara and afterward winds up bouncing and murdering himself just as his change sense of self Coppelius.As individuals started to climb the steps so as to seixe the neurotic, Coppelius giggled and stated: â€Å"Ha, ha-simply pause, he’ll before long descend soon by himself† and looked into, similar to the others. Out of nowhere Nathanael delayed and stood frozen in place, he went down. Out of nowhere Nathanael delayed and stood frozen in place he went down apparent Coppelius, and, with a penetrating screech of Beautiful eyes-a! Lovely eyes-a! ’ he bounced over the parapet. When Nathanael was lying on the asphalt, his head broke, Coppelius had disappeared into the crowd. 118) Coppelius can be perused to be a change sense of self of Nathanael; the manner in which Hoffman expresses that Coppelius just evaporates once Nathanael hits the ground makes it appears as though now that Nathanael isn't alive nor is the tale of the â€Å"sandman† Freud doesn't accept that the sandman or Olimpia are Nathaniel’s modify inner selves. He has different understandings about what's up with Nathaniel. Freud accepts that Nathanael’s fixation on the sandman and Olimpia is what somebody encounters in adulthood that was subdued from their previous stages in life.Nathaniel was recounted to the tale of the sandman as a little youngster by his old medical caretaker: don’t you know yet? He’s an underhan ded man who comes to kids when they don’t need to hit the hay and tosses bunches of sand at them; that makes their eyes round blood and leap out of their heads and he tosses the eyes into his sack and brings them into the cresent moon to take care of his own kids (87) Freud accepts that this story set off the precariousness of the psych while Nathaniel was young.In the Uncanny Freud states â€Å"everything that should have stayed covered up and mystery, but then comes to light,† (7) Whenever something helps Nathaniel to remember the sandman it triggers him to transform into a â€Å"madman† and he loses all sense of direction in his own reality. There are various makes that trigger one go frantic. Freud accepts that one of the fundamental wellsprings of â€Å"uncanny† has to do with the possibility of one being ransacked of their eyes. â€Å" Oedipus that legendary crook was basically completing an alleviated for of discipline of emasculation. Freud trust s Nathaniel feared mutilation not simply loosing his eyes since many value both. Oedipus joins with Nathanael, both feared loosing a piece of them that the two of them treasure. Nathanael additionally loves his mom. Nathaniel appears to just consider his to be as â€Å"good†, she is the person who secures them and the one that doesn't need the sandman in the house. â€Å"my mother, kissing and snuggling her sweetheart kid who was along these lines reestablished to life. † (91) Nathanael has a connection to his mother.Nathaniel appears dislike his dad and consider him to be the â€Å"bad† parent. â€Å"I was support by the acknowledgment that his collusion with the malevolent Coppelius couldn't have dove him into endless condemnation. † (92) It could be on the grounds that the dad keeps on permitting the sandman in their home. Freud accepts that nothing is ever overlooked and it just remains smothered in one’s brain until something triggers one to r ecall. Nathanael’s stifled recollections make his narcissist.The â€Å"double† is the essential wellspring of narcissism in a youngster. Just in Olimpia’s love do I perceive myself† â€Å"Olimpia had voiced his own contemplations. † This is the place Nathaniel’s narcissism returns; Olimipa is an impression of himself. â€Å" The possibility of the â€Å"double† doesn't really vanish with the death of the essential narcissism, for it can get crisp importance from the later sages of improvement of the ego† (10) Olimpia is the re-birth of Nathaniel’s narcissism manners by which he starts again to act naturally absorbed.The Sandman by ETA Hoffman is one of the most notable short stories since forever. It is uncommon to other short stories. Regardless of whether we as a whole concur with Freuds understanding of the story, Freud makes some great contentions on why the storyteller is how he is. Nathaniel is an upset person who w inds up ending his own life. Regardless of what direction you take the story he winds up as yet being a psycho.

Computer Science vs Information Technology Which One Is Better

Computer Science vs Information Technology Which One Is Better In this blog, we are going to share with you the difference between computer science vs Information technology. Lets get started:- Meaning of Computer Science Summary Meaning of Computer ScienceMeaning of Information Technology (IT)Use of Information TechnologyComputer Science vs Information TechnologyThe crux of Computer Science vs Information TechnologyConclusion Computer Science comprises two concepts of computer hardware as well as software design. It includes the study of practical problems and theoretical algorithms in executing them with computer science (hardware and software). The concept of hardware of computer science connects with electrical engineering. The software side of computer science involves specific programming languages programming concepts. It has various branches such as software engineering, artificial intelligence, as well as programming, and some computer graphics. Use of Computer Science It is used in creating software, the Internet, Information Storage, and Mobile Technology.Computer science enhances the ways of communication.It can be used as a tool in predicting.It is used in software designing, development, and application. Meaning of Information Technology (IT) Information Technology (IT) is the study or usage of structures or systems that are used for storing, recovering, as well as sending some information or data. IT is used for business or the company’s jobs instead of using it for personal entertainment. It involves many stages of hardware, virtualization, operating systems as well as software which is used to complete essential functions. Information Technology means to design and execution of computer networks for data handling as well as communication. Use of Information Technology It helps in promoting any product on the internet using social media.Information technology helps in decision-making tasks.It is helpful in innovation.Information technology is supported in business process tasks.It is useful in sharing information through decentralized computing. Computer Science vs Information Technology There are some facts which show the difference between Computer Science vs. Information Technology: Definition-Computer Science is the study of principles of computing and analyzing the method of problem-solving. On the other hand, Information Technology is related to what technology tool is best for fulfilling the information needs of an organization. Focus- Computer Science focuses on efficiently programming computers with the use of computer programs, whereas Information Technology focuses on installing, storing as well as a network operating.Opportunities in Work- Computer Science graduates, have an immediate opportunity to pursue their careers, but Information Technology graduates don’t have any.Environment- Information Technology workers work as a team in an organization, whereas Computer Science workers work in businesses, campuses, and any video game developing company.Tool- Computer Science is a Software, whereas Information Technology is a network.Courses- Computer Science involves courses such as Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Programming, etc. whereas Information Technology includes Enterprise Computing, Network and security, software development, and web development. The crux of Computer Science vs Information Technology The whole study is conditioned with Computer Science and Information Technology. That are increasing technological advancements. As we have discussed, Computer Science helps design software as well as helpful in information technology. On the other side, Information Technology helps store, collect, and sending the data or any other information. All the information must be appropriately cited and referenced for its authenticity. Conclusion So, if any learner feels any confusion or issue in understanding the difference between Computer Science and Information Technology, then Please feel free to contact our teachers, and we will be glad to help you in solving your problems with an A+ grade. Get the best computer science assignment help from the experts.

Analysis Of Ibsen s A Doll House - 848 Words

Honey, You are a Doll Nineteenth century women were viewed by society as possessions to their husbands and less capable than the male race. This era of women were thought to be only capable of simple tasks like house work and being a mother. This role is very evident in Ibsen’s â€Å"A Doll House†, but Ibsen shows the multiple ways his female characters could get their way even though they are oppressed. In â€Å"A Dolls House† the females may have been the underdog but they showed that they knew how to get what they wanted. Females of the era were making sacrifices because of the way society viewed them. Women have to make conscious decisions throughout their lives such as nobility, but they also had to make sacrifices because they have limited legal rights and limited influence. Young women of the nineteenth century always wanted to find their one true love, as long as that love is within her standards. These ladies cared about what class the male of their liking was in, it was not socially acceptable to marry down. No matter if it is love or not these women did not care they assume that the better man is the one in a higher class, but as Nora learns that the higher men do not like to play nice. In â€Å"A Doll house† Nora is a submissive to her husband, but soon to find out that she is capable of so much more than just house work. Torvald teases Nora but she does not mind because she is pampered, and treated highly because of their social class. Until Nora realizes what is really goingShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House 1823 Words   |  8 PagesA Doll House is a play that was written by Henrik Ibsen in 1879. Nora Helmer is a wife and mother who secretly loaned money to save her husband’s, Torvald, life. Torvald views a nd treats Nora has a doll and she goes along with it. As conflict comes and goes Nora decides that her current life is not what she wants for herself. She no longer wants to be anyone’s â€Å"doll† and decides to leave her family in search of independence. This play was controversial during the time it was written becauseRead MoreAnalysis Of Ibsen s A Doll House 1776 Words   |  8 PagesAnalysis of Ibsen’s â€Å"A Doll House† In 1879, Ibsen wrote â€Å"A Doll House†. This play lets you get an understanding of what it was like back in that era. You get an eye opener to how much things for woman have changed since that era. Ibsen wanted us to understand that a woman cannot be herself in modern society since the 1879 era was and exclusively man society. He wanted us to understand how Nora, the nanny, and Linde all made scarifies for the ones that they love and over their own real wants. InRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House 1152 Words   |  5 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s play â€Å"A Doll House† addresses the importance of the roles women play throughout this time period. Women are thought to be like â€Å"dolls† to their husbands, by obeying their commands and keeping a good image. We see the main character, Nora Helmer struggle to keep her perfect image of a great wife as troubles start to arise. Throughout the play we begin to see Nora push through her troubles and f ind her true identity, Nora shifts from being the loving, perfect wife, to being a strongRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House884 Words   |  4 Pagestransform minor lies such as white lies into something more dangerous. When one works to conceal a lie, a cloud of deception hangs over those involved and can lead to the destruction of friendships, relationships, and even marriages. In Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House, he uses the motif of lies and deception to illustrate the fragileness of the Helmer’s marriage, which ultimately leads to its demise. Nora Helmer, a naà ¯ve woman who has never been given the chance to mature into an independent woman, never revealsRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House995 Words   |  4 Pagesguiding the integration of all these elements belongs to the director. One of the toughest tasks of a director is to reinvigorate a socially important and renowned production while maintaining its original message and composition. Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House is a socially important realistic play that portrays the gender dynamics that plagued the nineteenth century and questions the expectations held for women in a household and society. The play is still incredibly influential because the issues itRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House 851 Words   |  4 PagesHenrik Ibsens’s, A Doll House, details the lives of the Helmers, a seemingly perfect couple. As the story progresses from act to act, it becomes quite obvious that their relationship is everything but perfect. Com plications arise quickly when a forged loan by Nora Helmer is brought to her husband Torvald’s attention. The prejudices women experience, particularly, Nora is a definite tone in this play. Henrick Ibsen does a great job at showing both sides of the oppression of women, particularly withinRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House 1472 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"A Doll House† Playing many different characters is what Henrik Ibsen’s meant to do in A Doll House. The main characters fool people into believing they are someone other than their true selves. Nora plays her role flawlessly as she pretends to be living two different lives. Nora is Torvalds devoted and self-indulgent wife, but naively enough, she doesn’t realize she is a courageous, self-sufficient women. As the character’s progress so does Nora’s personality, she goesRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House 924 Words   |  4 PagesHenrik Ibsen once wrote a play called â€Å"A Doll House.† Back in 1879 when the play was written there was lots of controversy on whether are not they play should have been showed. It created lots of arguments because of the time that they play was done (Hemmer). In the time frame that Ibsen wrote his play it was a time where women really had no say. Women would listen to their husbands and do as they say. At the end of the original play Nora, the main character, left her husband and her kids. Ibsen onceRead MoreAn Analysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House1460 Words   |  6 Pagesthe idea of a female president. Traditionalist opposition has women body shamed into the fixed standard of beauty being the skinny Caucasian blonde. People still look down on women in troubled relationships as being their fault. Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House puts into criticism the problems brought by traditionalism though the story between Torvald and Nora. Where Nora has to keep a secret how she saved her husband’s life to save her marriage, because she fears a woman helping a man would shame himRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House 1154 Words   |  5 Pagessacrifice mean? Is it important? Sacrifice can be defined as an act of immolating someone or something. Will one might think it depends on the person to decide on the importance of the sacrifice? In light of this play, â€Å"A Doll Houseâ₠¬  written realistically by Henrik Ibsen, he has portrayed many symbols throughout the play. One of the many symbols that stood out was sacrifice. Clothing also symbolized some importance in the play and the Tarantella dance as well. However, what exactly is a symbol

Factors that Causes Stress - 1513 Words

In the modern world, people experience stress in various forms throughout their daily lives. Stress in the medical world referred to as the â€Å"silent killer†. Stress is a state of mental or emotional strain usually caused by demanding situations, a traumatic experience and often times due to mental health issues namely anxiety. While perfectly normal to experience stress and sometimes beneficial in providing a person with needed focus in order to perform important tasks. However, this condition can become uncontrolled, persistent, overbearing and in many destroy overall well-being. The human body reacts to stress with physical, emotional and mental changes. As is the case with many people today, the conditions linger for long periods,†¦show more content†¦Whereas, many seek alternative solutions such as herbal remedies and relaxing techniques such as meditation or simple stress relief exercises. As a final point, many factors contribute to stress and diseas es, consequently chronic stress and anxiety. For the purpose of, further discussion several topics need exploration. To start with, causes/effects on the human body (nervous system) and other major organs. Secondly, an overview on the major illness and diseases brought on by negative and prolonged stress. Above all, preventative measures one can implement to avoid prolonged stress including, stress management. Additionally, a review on pharmaceutical drugs available and if they cause more harm than good (short-term/long-term). Lastly, to examine natural remedies and therapy and can they help in the battle against stress. Natural herbs also are a very popular alternative to pharmaceuticals, many people believe prescription drugs are just as harmful if not more so than the disease itself. For this reason, alternative techniques and exercises such as yoga and meditation have become very popular forms of stress management in aiding overall health. A growing sub-culture believes pharmaceutical medicines are just as dangerous if not more so, than the actual diseasesShow MoreRelatedInformation Management and Organization Behavior987 Words   |  4 PagesDEFINITION OF STRESS An emotional disorder, stress is the thought process and the physical condition of a person. The reaction against anything that causes a person to feel fear, fidget or threatened. It occurs when a person receives something out of habit or ability. When the stress, the body will produce the hormone adrenaline and heart beats cortisone causes tempest, increased respiratory more speed, and increased blood pressure. Well-designed, organized and managed work is good for us but whenRead MoreStress And The Human Brain1720 Words   |  7 Pagesstressors activate the stress-response system which sends a cascade of biological events thus releasing the stress hormones known as adrenaline and cortisol. The hormones cause our body to go into a ‘Flight or Fight’ mode and can affect us either positively or negatively. By going into flight or fight mode our blood pressure, breathing, and heart rate increases meanwhile there is a decrease in digestive activity and the liver produces mor e glucose for energy. The topic of stress is a very popular areaRead MoreThe Harmful Impacts of a Teacher ´s Job Essay599 Words   |  3 PagesA job could be the most rewarding aspect of one’s life, but it also can have a harmful impact. These harmful impacts are stress and the effects that is has on a person can be damaging in a number of different ways. The effects of stress can lead to serious illness and if not managed, can even result in death. Stress may not necessarily be a dreadful and visible disease like cancer, diabetes, or other infectious diseases. However, a stressful life has a debilitating effect on workers performancesRead MoreHow do Psychosocial Factors Influence Cardiac Health Essay1308 Words   |  6 PagesHow do psychosocial factors influence cardiac health? Cardiac related health problems are one of the leading causes of death in industrialized areas throughout the Western world.1 Psychosocial factors such as stress and anxiety are often disregarded but have a major role to play in the development of cardiac disease. These factors are mostly manageable, allowing the risk of cardiac disease to decrease. This paper aims to discuss the influence of these psychosocial risk factors on cardiac health usingRead MoreTaking a Look at Stress1745 Words   |  7 PagesStress is said to have existed throughout evolution. In most cases stress is debated with the perception that it is only associated with human beings. If we look at geography, the formation of the planets and everything existing in them is a result of stress in the form of meltdown which happened over millions of years. Rivers are formed as a result of soil erosion when the earth’s surface is subject to stress by wind or running water. History talks of the transformations fro m the Stone Age to theRead MoreHigh Amount Of Stress Specially The University Teachers1375 Words   |  6 Pagesstudies reveal that the teachers undergo a high amount of stress specially the university teachers. Teaching is such a kind of unique profession in which the expectations of student’s guardians are very high regarding to the student’s educational progress, future carrier and about the establishment of the personalities of students along with education (Wilson, 2002). The present pilot study was conducted to identify the factors causing stress among the faculty of Graduate and Post Graduate collegesRead MoreBecoming An Adult- Chronic Stressor880 Words   |  4 PagesSituations- Chronic stressor Family Problems- Chronic stressor 2. There are many factors that could lead to the cause of a person’s stress response. One includes any life events or change to a person. Any transition that causes you to change and adjust your life style can cause a great amount of stress, being that you cant go day to day like you may be use to. Whether it may be a positive or negative, it tends to be stress-producing. In my view i’m optimistic about this and try to see the bright sideRead MoreEssay on Negative Effects of Stress575 Words   |  3 PagesEffects of Stress Everyone experiences stress daily. It may not be as evident in some people as it is in othesr, but that is due to the severity of the stress and how well an individual can cope with stress. High levels of stress cause an individual’s personality to change in that when one is stressed out, that person cannot stop thinking about situations or feelings which in turn causes mood swings, depression and insomnia. Mood swings associated with stress are due to the lack of toleranceRead MoreEnvironmental Factors That Affect Plant Growth Essay1145 Words   |  5 PagesAll the factors that inhibit plant growth are defined as stresses. Environmental factors influence the characters, composition, growth and development of individual plants and plant communities. When any of these environmental factors exceeds the optimum tolerance of a plant, it produces stress to the plant influenced by the developmental, structural, physiological and biochemical processes of the plant. Towards a stress definition Levitt 1980 defined stress as any environmental factor â€Å"unfavourable†Read MoreThe Effects Of Stress On Stress And Stress864 Words   |  4 PagesMerriam-Webster defines stress as â€Å"a physical, chemical, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension and may be a factor in disease causation† (Stress, 2015). Many people think of stress as being overworked or overwhelmed, but stress can be caused by all facets of everyday life. Through the evaluation of my stress self-assessment and the course readings, it has become abundantly evident that stress impacts the body, is affected by motivation and emotions, and by understanding the psychology

Michigan Coal-Powered Plants Free Essays

1769, or the start of the Industrial revolution was when James Watt patented his steam engine.   All the steam-powered machines like the steamboat, steamship, and steam locomotives, were all powered by coal.   Coal is a solid fossil fuel that when mined, can be used for energy. We will write a custom essay sample on Michigan Coal-Powered Plants or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Today, more then 90% of coal is used for electricity and that which isn’t used for that is used as an industrial power source.   Coal fired railroads stopped in the 1950’s and industrial use has declined, but electric utilities have increased their use of coal tenfold in the past 50 years.   By the early 20th century, radiator heat was powered by coal and older homes still have their coal chutes. Wyoming, Colorado and West Virginia are some of our main coal producers and our supply far exceeds that of oil and natural gas.   Today, 52% of electricity generated in the United States is coal powered compared to only 14.8% for nuclear power.   In 2004, 1.16 billion tons of coal was burned, most for electricity.   At the current usage rate of coal, the world has 1500 years left to use this resource. There are actually many cons of using coal even though Americans are more leery of nuclear power.   It was found that people who live near coal-fired plants are exposed to higher radiation then people living by the nuclear plants.   (McBride, J.P.)   Because of people’s fears about nuclear energy, most plants will be replaced with coal-fired plants unless solar energy is harnessed in a better way.   First and foremost, coal produces carbon dioxide, which is suspected to cause global warming.   Human health is susceptible because coal is a source of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, two sources that may cause acid rain.   Coal also contains uranium and thorium, two radioactive materials.   In 1982, each U.S. plant released 5.2 tons of uranium and 12.8 tons of thorium. Total  was 801 tons of uranium and 1971 tons of thorium.   It is predicted in the year 2040, that 145,230 tons of uranium and 357,491 tons of thorium will be released in the U.S. alone.   These large quantities of these two materials are not being treated as radioactive waste.   Coal-powered plants aren’t regulated and are basically permitted to emit low-levels of radiation.   Long-term accumulation of these radioactive materials could pose serious health hazards†¦ already the effects are being seen, showing up as more asthma in children.   Michigan has the highest prevalence of asthma in children. Exposure within 30 miles of a coal-powered plant showed 1,929,662 children with 18% of them having asthma.   Large amounts of pollution that coal-fired plants built before 1977 are exempt from the Clean Air Act.   Illinois alone has 22 plants that are exempt and in 1997 these plants emitted 240,000 tons of Nitrogen Oxide, or as much as the annual pollution from 12 million cars! Also in 1997, Illinois plants emitted 722,000 tons of Sulfur Dioxide which fine particulate pollution of this has been attributed to 5,570 premature deaths a year in Illinois and 3,767 in the city of Chicago alone, according to a 1996 study by the Environmental Working Group.   (http://www.consciouschoice.com/1995-98/cc115/note115.html.) With so many health problems, potential and active, why are coal plants still being proposed?  Ã‚   The Great Lakes basin is home to more than thirty million people.   The Great Lakes are the largest system of surface freshwater on the Earth, spanning about 800 miles and containing about 20% of the world’s surface freshwater resource. The water in the Great Lakes accounts for more than 90% of the surface freshwater in the U.S But this beautiful land also has the special focus of our government and that is they want the  Great Lakes region to be the future sites of many more coal-powered plants.   As many as 94 plants are already in various stages of planning.   Ten plants in Illinois, five in Wisconsin, and already Northern Lights Coal Plant in Michigan is causing quite a stir.   At first this plant was given a hesitant welcome since it was claiming to be the cleanest coal-powered plant in the U.S. and would create jobs, but looking deeper into it, it was discovered that there were political and environmental regulatory trends and that the Bush administration wanted a nationwide surge in proposals for new coal-fired power stations, with a special focus on the Great Lakes region. President Bush wants to dismantle federal environmental safeguards and encourage burning more fossil fuels.   He has agreed that older coal fired plants in Michigan and other states need to modernize their plants, but will still avoid improving air pollution controls. With all this, there are some good things about burning coal.   Natural gas, which is much more cleaner then coal, has gone up in price.   The price has doubled since 1990 and costs four times more to generate then coal so burning coal is more economically feasible for the country.  Ã‚   Also, since 1960, particulate precipitators have been used by U.S. coal-fired plants, which reduce 99.5% of the fly ash.   Utilities can also collect ash, cinders, and slag and deposit them on coal-plant sites.   Coal ash is rich in minerals including large quantities of aluminum and iron, which haven’t been fully looked into.   If the government could really regulate coal-fired plants, these would be great advantages of having them. In conclusion, coal-fired plants are hazardous to human health, animals, and nature especially for those of us living in the Great Lakes region.   Instead of the  government looking at just the economic advantages of coal, they should also be focusing on what the implications are of producing almost 100 plants in a few states.   Canada has already charged that 50% of the pollutants that cause ozone come from the Midwest states so one can only imagine if you actually live in one of these states, what people must be breathing in.   The Bush Administration needs to clarify and fix the Clean-Air Act so that not only do older plants need to modernize, but also they need to be regulated.   The Great Lakes are a beautiful region to live and vacation and need to be protected against the air toxins that will be released if all these coal-fired plants are built and un-monitored. Bibliography   McBride, J.P., R.E. Moore, J.P. Witherspoon, R.E. Blanco.   â€Å"Radiological Impact of Airborne Effluents of Coal and Nuclear Plants.†Ã‚   Science Magazine.   Dec 8, 1978. Schneider, Keith.   â€Å"The Bush Administration Pushes Dirty Coal Plants.†Ã‚   E / The Environmental Magazine.   August 20, 2004. http://www.climateark.org/articles/reader.asp?linkid=34416. Gabbard, Alex.   â€Å"Coal Combustion:   Nuclear Resource or Danger.†Ã‚   No Date.   http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev26-34/text/colmain.html. No Author.   â€Å"History of Energy.†Ã‚   DKospedia, The Free Political Encyclopedia. December 21, 2004. No Author.   â€Å"Self-Reported Asthma Prevalence and Control Among Adults — United States, 2001.†Ã‚   MMWR Weekly.   V.52 May 2, 2003 pg. 381-384. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5217a2.htm. Lilliston, Ben.   â€Å"Poison Power.†Ã‚   Conscious Choice.   September 1998. http://www.consciouschoice.com/1995-98/cc115/note115.html. How to cite Michigan Coal-Powered Plants, Essay examples

Polygyny Essays - Marriage, Sexual Fidelity, Mating Systems

Polygyny A Cross Cultural Perspective of Polygyny As an institution, polygyny, the social arrangement that permits a man to have more than one wife at the same time, exists in all parts of the world. From our present knowledge, there are very few primitive tribes in which a man is not allowed to enter into more than one union. In fact, ethologists now believe that only one to two percent of all species may be monogamous (Tucker). None of the simian species are strictly monogamous; our closest relatives, the chimpanzees, practice a form of group marriage. Among the 849 human societies examined by the anthropologist Murdock (1957), 75% practiced polygyny. Many peoples have been said to be monogamous, but it is difficult to infer from the data at our disposal whether monogamy is the prevalent practice, the moral ideal, or an institution safeguarded by sanctions (Malinowski 1962). Historically, polygyny was a feature of the ancient Hebrews, the traditional Chinese, and the nineteenth-century Mormons in the United States, but the modern practice of polygyny is concentrated in Africa, the Middle East, India, Thailand, and Indonesia. The extent to which men are able to acquire multiple wives depends on many factors, including the economic prosperity of the man's family, the prevailing bride price, the differential availability of marriageable females, the need and desire for additional offspring, and the availability of productive roles for subsequent wives. Even in societies that permit polygyny, the conditions of life for the masses make monogamy the most common form of marriage. The two variations of polygyny are sororal (the cowives are sisters) and nonsororal (the cowives are not sisters). Some societies also observe the custom of levirate, making it compulsory for a man to marry his brother's widow. It must be remembered that any form of polygyny is never practiced throughout the entire community: there cannot exist a community in which every man would have several wives because this would entail a huge surplus of females over males (Malinowski 1962). Another important point is that in reality it is not so much a form of marriage fundamentally distinct from monogamy as rather a multiple monogamy. It is always in fact the repetition of marriage contract, entered individually with each wife, establishing an individual relationship between the man and each of his consorts (Benson 1971). Where each wife has her separate household and the husband visits them in turn, polygynous marriage resembles very closely a temporarily interrupted monogamy. In such cases, there is a series of individual marriages in which domestic arrangements, economics, parenthood, as well as legal and religious elements do not seriously encroach on each other. The polygyny with separate households is more universally prevalent. Among the great majority of the Bantu and Hamitic peoples of Africa, where the number of wives, especially in the case of chiefs, is often considerable, each wife commonly occupies a separate hut with her children, and manages an independent household with well-defined legal and economic rights (Pasternak 1976). Where, on the other hand, as among many N. American tribes, two or more wives share the same household, polygyny affects the institution of matrimonial life much more deeply. Unlike wives in many other African groups who live in their own huts, Ijaw wives have apartments within one large structure and our brought into much more frequent contact with their co-wives (Rosaldo 1974). Various theories have been advanced to explain the cultural endorsement of polygyny. One of the earliest explanations was based on the notion that men have a greater disposition for variety in sexual partners than do women (Tucker). Many ethologists believe that there is a sociobiological imperative for men to have as many sexual partners as possible (Sayers). While this theory is of historical interest, there exists no empirical support for the greater sex drive of the male, nor is there any reason to expect the male sex drive to vary from one culture to another. Women are just as naturally interested in sex, perhaps even more so. Women can be multi- orgasmic and have a much broader range of sexual stimulation than men. Non-monogamy is reproductively savvy for males in order to spread their genes, and for females in order to improve the hardiness and genetic variety of their offspring (Benson). It has also been suggested that polygyny as a marriage form evolved in response to lengthy postpartum sex taboos because polygyny provides a legitimate sexual outlet for the husband during this period of taboo (Whiting). Whiting discovered that societies dependent on root and tree crops (presumably low protein societies) are more

Introduction to the Reserve Ratio

Introduction to the Reserve Ratio The reserve ratio is the fraction of total deposits that a bank keeps on hand as reserves (i.e. cash in the vault). Technically, the reserve ratio can also take the form of a required reserve ratio, or the fraction of deposits that a bank is required to keep on hand as reserves, or an excess reserve ratio, the fraction of total deposits that a bank chooses to keep as reserves above and beyond what it is required to hold. Now that weve explored the conceptual definition, lets look at a question related to the reserve ratio. Suppose the required reserve ratio is 0.2. If an extra $20 billion in reserves is injected into the banking system through an open market purchase of bonds, by how much can demand deposits increase? Would your answer be different if the required reserve ratio was 0.1? First, well examine what the required reserve ratio is. What Is the Reserve Ratio? The reserve ratio is the percentage of depositors bank balances that the banks have on hand. So if a bank has $10 million in deposits, and $1.5 million of those are currently in the bank, then the bank has a reserve ratio of 15%. In most countries, banks are required to keep a minimum percentage of deposits on hand, known as the required reserve ratio.This required reserve ratio is put in place to ensure that banks do not run out of cash on hand to meet the demand for withdrawals. What do the banks do with the money they dont keep on hand? They loan it out to other customers! Knowing this, we can figure out what happens when the money supply increases. When the Federal Reserve buys bonds on the open market, it buys those bonds from investors, increasing the amount of cash those investors hold. They can now do one of two things with the money: Put it in the bank.Use it to make a purchase (such as a consumer good, or a financial investment like a stock or bond) Its possible they could decide to put the money under their mattress or burn it, but generally, the money will either be spent or put into the bank. If every investor who sold a bond put her money in the bank, bank balances would initially increase by $20 billion dollars. Its likely that some of them will spend the money. When they spend the money, theyre essentially transferring the money to someone else. That someone else will now either put the money in the bank or spend it. Eventually, all of that 20 billion dollars will be put into the bank. So bank balances rise by $20 billion. If the reserve ratio is 20%, then the banks are required to keep $4 billion on hand. The other $16 billion they can loan out. What happens to that $16 billion the banks make in loans? Well, it is either put back into banks, or it is spent. But as before, eventually, the money has to find its way back to a bank. So bank balances rise by an additional $16 billion. Since the reserve ratio is 20%, the bank must hold onto $3.2 billion (20% of $16 billion). That leaves $12.8 billion available to be loaned out. Note that the $12.8 billion is 80% of $16 billion, and $16 billion is 80% of $20 billion. In the first period of the cycle, the bank could loan out 80% of $20 billion, in the second period of the cycle, the bank could loan out 80% of 80% of $20 billion, and so on. Thus the amount of money the bank can loan out in some period ​n of the cycle is given by: $20 billion * (80%)n where n represents what period we are in. To think of the problem more generally, we need to define a few variables: Variables Let A be the amount of money injected into the system (in our case, $20 billion dollars)Let r be the required reserve ratio (in our case 20%).Let T be the total amount the bank loans outAs above, n will represent the period we are in. So the amount the bank can lend out in any period is given by: A*(1-r)n This implies that the total amount the bank loans out is: T A*(1-r)1 A*(1-r)2 A*(1-r)3 ... for every period to infinity. Obviously, we cannot directly calculate the amount the bank loans out each period and sum them all together, as there are an infinite number of terms. However, from mathematics we know the following relationship holds for an infinite series: x1 x2 x3 x4 ... x / (1-x) Notice that in our equation each term is multiplied by A. If we pull that out as a common factor we have: T A[(1-r)1 (1-r)2 (1-r)3 ...] Notice that the terms in the square brackets are identical to our infinite series of x terms, with (1-r) replacing x. If we replace x with (1-r), then the series equals (1-r)/(1 - (1 - r)), which simplifies to 1/r - 1. So the total amount the bank loans out is: T A*(1/r - 1) So if A 20 billion and r 20%, then the total amount the bank loans out is: T $20 billion * (1/0.2 - 1) $80 billion. Recall that all the money that is loaned out is eventually put back into the bank. If we want to know how much total deposits go up, we also need to include the original $20 billion that was deposited in the bank. So the total increase is $100 billion dollars. We can represent the total increase in deposits (D) by the formula: D A T But since T A*(1/r - 1), we have after substitution: D A A*(1/r - 1) A*(1/r). So after all this complexity, we are left with the simple formula D A*(1/r). If our required reserve ratio were instead 0.1, total deposits would go up by $200 billion (D $20b * (1/0.1). With the simple formula D A*(1/r) we can quickly and easily determine what effect an open-market sale of bonds will have on the money supply.

The Death of Balder in Norse Mythology

The Death of Balder in Norse Mythology Odin, the king of the Norse gods, often sat upon Hildskialf, the throne of the Aesir gods, with his companions, the two ravens, Hugin (Thought) and Munin (Memory), whispering in his ears. From this position, he could look out on all of the nine worlds. Sometimes his wife Frigg would sit there, too, but she was the only other god who was so privileged. Frigg was the second and favorite wife of Odin, whose daughter she may also have been. She was the only Aesir as clever and knowledgeable about the future as Odin, although her foreknowledge did not depress her as it did her husband. Frigg had her own palace, which was known as Fensalir, where she sat spinning clouds to float above Midgard. Fensalir also served as the afterlife home for married couples who wished to be together. It was a counterpart to the famous home of valiant warriors, Valhalla, where Odin spent much of his time - drinking (he is said to have stopped eating when he heard about the inevitable doom of Ragnarok) with his feasting and fighting companions and the Valkyries. Balder the Handsome The most handsome of the gods was born to Frigg and Odin. He was named Balder (also known as Baldur or Baldr). He was a god of truth and light. Balder was also knowledgeable in healing herbs and runes, which made him a favorite among the people of Midgard. Balder lived in a palace named Breidablik with his wife Nanna (n.b. there is also a Mesopotamian goddess of this name), a vegetation goddess. It was believed that no lie could pass through the walls of Breidablik, home of the god of truth, so when Balder started having frightening nightmares about his own demise, the other Aesir gods took them seriously. Unlike gods in other pantheons, the Norse gods were not immortal. They cataloged everything that might possibly cause Balder harm, from weapons to diseases to creatures. With the list in hand, Balders mother, Frigg, set out to exact assurances from everything in the nine worlds not to harm Balder. This wasnt hard because he was so universally loved. When she had completed her mission, Frigg returned to Gladsheim, the gods meeting hall, for a celebration. After a few rounds of drinks and toasts, the gods decided to test Balders invulnerability. A pebble thrown at Balder bounced off without hurting Balder, in honor of its oath. Larger weapons were used, including Thors axes and all refused to hurt the god. Loki the Trickster Loki is known as a trickster god. Sometimes he was mischievous, but he hadnt really been malicious. The giants were evil, but Loki, who was the son of a giant, hadnt been known as such. It seems his self-appointed job was to stir things up when things were going well. Its a Loki-type action that one wishes to avert when telling an actor to break a leg before a performance. Loki was disturbed by all the gaiety and decided to do something about it, so in disguise as a disgusting old hag, he went to Frigg while she was at Fensalir taking a break from the festivities. What was going on at Gladsheim, he asked her. She said it was a celebration of the god Balder. Loki-in-disguise asked why, then, were people throwing weapons at him? Frigg explained about the promises shed exacted. Loki kept at her asking questions until she finally revealed that there was one thing she hadnt asked because she thought it too small and inconsequential. That one thing was mistletoe. With all the information he needed, Loki set off to the forest to get himself a branch of mistletoe. He then returned to the festivities at Gladsheim and sought out Balders blind brother, Hod, god of darkness, who was in a corner because he couldnt aim and therefore couldnt participate in the test of Balders invulnerability. Loki told Hod he would help him take aim and handed Hod a piece of apparently innocuous mistletoe to throw. Hodur was grateful and accepted the offer, so Loki steered Hods arm. Hod launched the branch, which caught Balder in the chest. Balder died instantly. The gods looked towards Hod and saw Loki beside him. Before they could do anything, Loki fled away. Celebration turned to lamentation since the most beloved of the gods had died. Odin alone was aware of how disastrous this event really was for them all, for he knew that with the loss of light and truth, the end of the world, Ragnarok, was due soon. A funeral pyre was made that was so enormous the gods had to ask the help of the giants. They then placed their most valuable worldly possessions as gifts upon the pyre. Odin placed his golden armband Draupnir. Balders wife fell down dead of grief at the pyre, so her body was placed beside her husbands. [  The most beautiful and beloved of the gods, Balder, son of Odin, had been slain by his blind brother wielding a misletoe shaft aimed by Loki. Balders wife had joined him on the funeral pyre. After their funeral, they were in the world called Niflheim.] An attempt was made to resurrect Balder, but due to more of Lokis mischief, it failed. The goddess of death, Hel, promised that Balder could return to earth if every living creature shed tears of grief for Balder. It looked as though it would work, for everyone loved Balder, but Loki arranged for a single exception. Loki disguised himself as the giantess Thok. As Thok, Loki was too indifferent to cry. And so, Balder could not return to the land of the living. Balder and his wife remained in Niflheim. Another son of Odin, Vali,  revenged  the death of Balder, but not by getting back at  Loki. Instead, Vali slew his brother, the blind god Hod. Loki, who had fled the initial scene of Balders death in Gladhseim, and then re-appeared in disguise as the giantess Thok, tried to get to safety by turning into a salmon. The salmon-Loki hid in a waterfall. But the Aesir, who knew where he was, tried to catch him in a net. Loki was too clever for that and jumped right over the net. Thor, however, was fast enough to catch the leaping fish in his bare hands. Then Loki was bound in a cave with venom dripping onto his body, which caused him to writhe in pain - until the worlds end in Ragnarok. (The story of  Prometheus  has a similar punishment.) Sources Ragnarok. Timelessmyths.com. Roberts, Morgan J. Norse Gods and Heroes. Myths of the World, Reprint edition, Metro Books, December 31, 1899.

Epidemiology Project Interview Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Epidemiology Project Interview - Assignment Example So, my training in pharmacy and public health have prepared me to perform my job successfully. Oenga’s response: my interest in epidemiology was sparked by one of my uncles who was an epidemiologist. As an epidemiologist, my uncle Mr. Patrick Ongeri was very dedicated to his work and he really loved his work; my uncle inspired me when I was young and I resolved that I would be an epidemiologist when I grow up. Oenga’s response: for me, the main positive aspect of being an epidemiologist is that I find a lot of fulfillment it; I really love this job and I find it so fulfilling in life. On the negatives, I would say that this job is quite risky because one can easily end up getting an infectious and incurable disease like Ebola. Oenga’s response: yes I do a piece of advice to them. My advice to them is that if they want to be really happy in this carrier, they have to do it not for the love of money, but for the love of people whom they will be serving through this carrier; if they do it for the love of money, they may end up being frustrated because they will never get enough of it. Appreciation: As we conclude, I would like to sincerely thank you for giving me your time for this interview; thank you also for being so cooperative and for answering all my questions clearly and enthusiastically, thank you very  much.

Maintenance of Social Hierarchies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Maintenance of Social Hierarchies - Essay Example Changing treatment technologies, immigration of people from other parts of the world, different perceptions of culture and treatment approaches as well as rise in rights and gender of special groups such as lesbians and gays demand that nurses must be culturally competent. This is to be able to truly care for the sick in different communities. Without cultural competency, it is extremely difficult to offer fair and equal nursing care to all. There are two models that were used to describe culture and diversity. They are the theory of culture care: Diversity and Universality and Purnell model of nursing. The theory of culture care: Diversity and Universality focus on nursing and consequences of health care services. It also put emphasis on culture and care relationship as it focus on individuals. Finally, the theory acknowledges that caring is a universal concept that vary across different cultures. Purnell model brings communication, bio-cultural, high-risk behaviors, nutrition, work force issues, pregnancy and childbearing practices, death rituals, health care practices and health care providers to explain culture more explicitly. The factors that have contributed to health disparities in underserved populations are racial and ethical differences, geographical isolation, lack of consumer involvement in decision making, poverty and lack of trained health care providers. There are a number of Socio-cultural factors that directly influence quality health care. The Socio-cultural factors include family roles, bio-cultural ecology, workforce issues, nutrition and spirituality. Family roles involve different roles played by male and female persons in the society. In some societies, nursing is a preserve for the female and patients may perceive men as incompetent in nursing field. Secondly, bio-cultural ecology is another factor that explains variation in ethnic and race. A person of a certain race may find it unacceptable for nurses from different races to care him o r her. The third factor is workforce issues. Some people prefer working as individuals or communicating in certain ways which may conflict with behavior of people from other cultures. Fourth factor is nutrition. Different communities like or dislike certain foods. Spirituality is another factor. Some people prefer use of black magic or herbs as opposed to modern medicine. The barrier to delivering quality health care includes poor communication, stereotyping, cultural blindness and ethnocentrism. The current perspective is that cultural competence / trans-culture is both a general practice and specialty area that focus on global cultures. A nurse is culturally competent if he or she posses four cognitive components. A nurse need to be culturally aware, should have a positive attitude towards different cultures, gain cultural knowledge and develop various cultural skills. The two ways of how health care providers can be culturally competent in organizations is first, through training and second, by getting immersed in the communities in which they

Suprascapular Neuropathy in Overhead Athletes

Suprascapular Neuropathy in Overhead Athletes SUPRASCAPULAR NEUROPATHY IN OVERHEAD ATHLETES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON AETIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OPTIONS Surya.P, Pankhania. R, Funk.L ABSTRACT Suprascapular neuropathy is often overlooked as a cause for shoulder pain in overhead athletes. However, with recent advancements in the understanding of the condition as well as its treatment methods, suprascapular neuropathy is now diagnosed more frequently. Consistent overhead activities, rotator cuff tear and direct compression of the nerve, by space occupying lesion are important etiologies for suprascapular neuropathy. While MRI is widely used to identify space-occupying lesions and rotator cuff injury; Electromyography (EMG) and Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV) remains gold standards for confirming injury to the nerve. Conservative physical therapy, nerve blocks and arthroscopic and open surgical interventions are the main treatment plans for suprascapular neuropathy. 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND The posterosuperior aspect of shoulder receives its sensory innervation from the suprascapular nerve. The suprascapular nerve also provides motor innervation to supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. Compression or traction of nerve and rotator cuff diseases are found to be associated with suprascapular nerve damage and neuropathy. Clinical symptoms of the condition include pain in the posterior shoulder, feeble forward flexion, and weak external rotation. It is also noteworthy that the multiple presentations for suprascapular nerve neuropathy vary greatly in different patients and thus diagnosis of the condition is often challenging. This kind of nerve damage is a less common reason for shoulder pain and dysfunction in the general population, however is widely observed in athletes who play overhead sports such as volleyball, tennis, badminton, and baseball. Such sports expose the athletes hands to overhead, abducted and externally rotated positions for prolonged periods of time. ( Cummins Schneider, 2008). Observational studies have identified that players involved in overhead sports are at higher risk of injuries related to overuse of the shoulder such as rotator cuff tendinopathy and tearing of glenoid labrum (Pillai et al. 2011). On the other hand, shoulder pain due to suprascapular neuropathy is observed in only 1-2% of cases and therefore, the condition is often overlooked during diagnosis for shoulder pain (Boykin et al. 2010). Among the overhead sports athletes, incidences of suprascapular neuropathy are maximum in volleyball players. Around 33% of volleyball players suffer from this condition at some instance in their career (Boykin et al. 2010). Traditionally, suprascapular neuropathy has always been regarded as a diagnosis of exclusion. However, now with further understanding of the etiology and advanced diagnostic options, the condition is being recognised by physicians from an earlier onset. 2. AETIOLOGY FOR SUPRASCAPULAR NEUROPATHY Rotator cuff tear is considered as a prime cause for suprascapular neuropathy. Studies show that suprascapular neuropathy can also develop secondary to traction and microtrauma, especially in overhead athletes, particularly due to tightening of the spinoglenoid ligament during the overhead throwing position. The risk for the development of suprascapular neuropathy also increases in patients with ossification of the transverse scapular ligament or spinoglenoid ligament. Other causes such as; compression of the nerve at spinoglenoid notch due to the presence of a bone tumor, cyst due to labral, soft tissue or capsular injury tissue can also lead to the condition. Suprascapular neuropathy is also rarely seen following brachial neuritis, glenohumeral dislocation, fracture of the shoulder girdle, and penetrating or iatrogenic injury to the nerve (Lewis et al. 2012). All these etiological factors for suprascapular neuropathy are discussed in detail in the following section. 2.1 Rotator Cuff Injury: Anatomically, the suprascapular nerve branches from the upper trunk of the brachial plexus. From there, it travels posterior to the clavicle, passes below the transverse scapular ligament and then enters the suprascapular notch. The motor branches innervate the supraspinatus, and the nerve continues past the spinoglenoid notch and innervates the infraspinatus. Injury due to traction or compression of the nerve at any point in this path can lead to suprascapular neuropathy. Retracted superior or posterior rotator cuff tear is the most common cause for suprascapular nerve traction injury. Tension on the suprascapular nerve lying at a suprascapular notch or spinoglenoid notch increases with the retraction of supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons. Studies on cadavers by Gosk et al (2007) showed that as the retraction of supraspinatus tendon increases, it reduces the angle between the suprascapular nerve and its first motor branch, which leads to an increase in tension and thus causes t raction injury. Gosk et al. (2007) also found that massive rotator cuff tear was the main reason for suprascapular neuropathy in eight different overhead players. On the other hand, studies by Lajtai et al. (2009) found that rotator cuff tear and muscle atrophy were responsible for only 8% of suprascapular neuropathy cases. Expanding the knowledge on the topic, different studies also showed that the tension between rotator cuff, supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons has a profound impact on the condition of the suprascapular nerve. Observations of cadaver showed that the tension on the neurovascular pedicle increases significantly once the lateral advancement of a retracted rotator cuff tear exceeds 3 cm (Greiner et al. 2003). Other studies suggest that if the rotator cuff extension increases by 3 cm, it lay significant tension on the motor branches of the suprascapular nerve. Also, the tension on the medial portion of the suprascapular nerve starts to increase only by 1 cm extension of the rotator cuff. Increased tension is one of the important reasons for traction injury to the nerve (Larissa et al. 2014). It has also been reported that following surgical repair of rotator cuff tear, the tendons can be advanced up to 3.5 cm without any significant risk to the health of suprascapular nerve. Various reports suggest that surgical repair of rotator cuff tear can help in either partially or completely resolving suprascapular neuropathy. Nerve recovery by reinnervation has been found in patients of suprascapular neuropathy following partial or complete arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (Petra et al. 2013). 2.2 Nerve injury: Sports Specific Etiology: Sports physiotherapists have proposed various etiological mechanisms for suprascapular neuropathy which includes repeated traction, microtrauma, ischaemia of the nerve and compression of the nerve by soft tissue, tumor or cyst. However, the majority of the healthcare professionals consider that nerve injury due to repetitive trauma is the main reason for the development of suprascapular neuropathy. Two main sites for suprascapular nerve injury are: the suprascapular notch and the spinoglenoid notch. The symptoms alongside clinical presentation for suprascapular neuropathy thus depend on the location of nerve injury. Injury of suprascapular nerve at the spinoglenoid notch has been found to cause isolated atrophy and weakness of the infraspinatus muscle. This condition is also known as infraspinatus syndrome. A systematic literature review by Lee et al. (2007) found that suprascapular neuropathy due to infraspinatus syndrome is common in overhead game athletes, particularly volleyball players. (https://www.shoulderdoc.co.uk/article/1250) One important reason for traction injury in volleyball players is the huge amount of motion occurring at the shoulder during throwing action. The role of the scapula in allowing throwing motion as well as other overhead sports activity is now well-researched. It has been observed that the movement of the scapula during the protraction and retraction of hands leads to significant trauma of suprascapular nerve at both the suprascapular and spinoglenoid notches. This phenomenon is known as the sling effect. The sling effect proposes that certain positioning of upper limb during overhead activity exposes the suprascapular nerve at the suprascapular notch to a significant amount of sheer stress and thus injury. Sling effect also suggests that the suprascapular nerve is exposed to high risk of traction injury when it bends around the spine of the scapula at the spinoglenoid notch (Arash et al. 2015). Chronic overuse of shoulder, as well as functional instability, may cause the suprascapular nerve to angle sharply at the spinoglenoid notch, as an adaptive response. This condition is known as SICK scapula which is an abbreviation to Scapular protraction, Inferior border prominence, Coracoid tightness, and Kinesis abnormalities of the scapula (Burkhart et al. 2003). While imaging for the shoulder injuries of volleyball players, Crema Murakami (2016) found that SICK scapula significantly contributes to increased tension on the suprascapular nerve and thus causes traumatic injury. https://www.shoulderdoc.co.uk/article/930 http://www.scielo.br The spinoglenoid ligament lays into the posterior glenohumeral capsule. Observations suggest that the ligament gets stretched and rigid with the abduction and internal rotation of the ipsilateral upper limb across the body. Such action leads to the traction of suprascapular nerve at the spinoglenoid notch (Crema Murakani, 2016). Sandow Ilic (1998) provided another proposal for traumatic injury to the suprascapular nerve. According to them, when the upper limb is abducted and externally rotated, the medial border of the spinatus tendon present at the spinoglenoid notch compresses the suprascapular nerve. Repeated upper limb action thus causes trauma to the nerve and injures it. Plancher Petterson (2016), recently supported this mechanism of nerve injury in their research paper. The injury to the posterior part of the suprascapular nerve is thought to occur due to multiple, abrupt, peculiar stretching of infraspinatus tendon during the deceleration phase of the floater serve (the most common type of overhead volleyball serve). Ferretti observed such injury in volleyball players while Arash et al. (2016) observed this in various overhead sports players as well as labourers. 2.3 Other etiologies: Nerve compression: According to Raddic Wallace (2016) direct compression of suprascapular nerve passing through spinoglenoid notch can occur due to ganglionic cysts arising from the glenohumeral joint. Such cysts are formed by synovial fluid leakage due to injury to the posterior glenoid labrum. Incidences of suprascapular nerve compression due to a bone tumor or the surrounding soft tissues are very rare but not absent. Nerve ischaemia: In very rare conditions, microemboli formed after any trauma gets trapped in the suprascapular artery and then migrate to the vasa nervorum thus hindering the blood and fluid supply to the suprascapular nerve. This leads to nerve ischemia and then neuropathy (Shin et al. 2016). 3. PRESENTATION DIAGNOSIS OF SUPRASCAPULAR NEUROPATHY The peculiar clinical presentations of suprascapular neuropathy are as follows: Shoulder pain which worsens on cross body abduction or internal rotation of ipsilateral muscle. Atrophy of supraspinatus or/and infraspinatus muscle, observable on physical examination. The weakness of ipsilateral shoulder abduction observed during manual muscle testing. The weakness of external rotation of shoulder observed during manual muscle testing. Pain elicited by pressure application over the suprascapular and spinoglenoid notch. The tenderness between the clavicle and the spine of the scapula or deep and posterior to the acromioclavicular joint (Podgorski et al. 2014). Radiological examination using X-rays is the first step for diagnosis if suprascapular neuropathy is suspected. It is important to have a radiological view of a suprascapular notch and spinoglenoid notch along with a standard view of the shoulder area. However, no remarkable changes can be observed in the radiological images unless is a prominent trauma responsible for the condition. MRI of the shoulder helps in identifying muscle oedema, muscle atrophy, and ganglionic cyst, if present. These factors are responsible for suprascapular neuropathy due to direct compression. Three Tesla (3-T) MRI scan is another tool used in the diagnosis of suprascapular neuropathy as it helps to identify any nerve abnormality or any denervation changes in muscles. Ultrasound is also appliable for the diagnosis of cysts and other muscle abnormalities as it is an inexpensive and relatively accurate diagnostic tool (Ahlawat et al. 2015). Electrodiagnostic studies are gaining increasing popularity as an important diagnostic tool for suprascapular neuropathy. Positive sharp waves and fibrillation potentials indicated by electromyography can suggest denervation while polyphasic motor unit action potentials suggest motor innervation abnormalities. Larisa et al (2014) suggest that electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction velocity (NCV) tests are the gold standards for the detection of suprascapular nerve injury. EMG and NCV are suggested in the following conditions: Consistent pain on the back upper side of the shoulder and no confirm diagnosis is found. Atrophy as well as the weakness of supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons in the absence of rotator cuff injury. MRI observations show muscle edema. Massive rotator cuff tendons with retraction and traction on the nerve. There are published and examined normative values for electrodiagnostic studies. According to which, the normal distal motor latencies to the supraspinatus muscles during stimulation at the Erb point are 2.7 msec  ± 0.5 and to the infraspinatus muscles, 3.3 msec  ± 0.5. Side-to-side differences greater than 0.4 msec suggest focal entrapment of the SSN or another neural injury (Larisa et al. 2014). In some cases, where outcomes of these electrodiagnostic studies are negative or not specific; fluoroscopically guided local anesthetic injection is used. This injection is administered to the region of suprascapular nerve and related pain relief is evaluated. This method is very effective in confirming the involvement of suprascapular nerve injury in shoulder pain (Debbie et al. 2014). 4. TREATMENT MODALITIES FOR SUPRASCAPULAR NEUROPATHY Treatment for suprascapular neuropathy is selected on the basis of different factors like etiology of nerve damage, the severity of nerve damage, duration of pain and weakness in shoulder, degree of functional disability and patients choice. The three main types of treatment options are conservative physical therapy, nerve blocks and surgical repair. 4.1 Physical therapy: If the suprascapular neuropathy is caused due to rotator cuff tear or labral tear with paralabral cyst, the treatment selection is done with regards to the pathology. However, in the case of isolated nerve injury, the conservative treatment plan including activity modification, analgesic drugs, and conservative physical therapy is initiated. The patient is asked to avoid or stop overhead activity as soon as he/she is diagnosed with suprascapular neuropathy. Following which, a physical therapy program is initiated which focuses on the movement of shoulder and muscle strengthening. The therapy also includes scapular stabilisation (Trojian, 2015). Different studies on patients with isolated suprascapular neuropathy suggest that non operative treatment for 6 months to 1 year provides good to excellent outcomes in the majority of the patients while surgical intervention following physical therapy is required by only 20% patients (Lee et al. 2007). Boykin et al (2010) suggest that such non-operative treatments in the case of suprascapular neuropathy due to compression by mass or a cyst do not provide satisfactory results. It has been found that 53% of patients with suprascapular neuropathy due to spinoglenoid cyst get significant pain control and symptomatic relief with non-operative methods while 96% of such patients experienced positive outcomes with surgical treatment. 4.2 Surgical Treatment: In case the conservative physical therapy for isolated suprascapular neuropathy fails, the patient is switched to surgical intervention. Furthermore, surgical intervention is immediately offered if suprascapular neuropathy is concomitant to rotator cuff tear or labrum tears with paralabral cysts. However, literature review suggests that there are debates about the application of surgical intervention for correcting nerve decompression in case of concomitant pathology. Many researchers recommend only for the correction of the isolated rotator cuff or labral repair and avoid surgery for nerve decompression (Boykin et al. 2010). Nerve damage at the suprascapular notch is usually treated with the release of the transverse ligament by an open or arthroscopic technique. Fewer complications have been observed with the open technique. Patients are reported to have adequate pain management as well as improved muscle strength with the open technique. However, muscle atrophy cannot be reversed in all the cases using this technique. Improvement of supraspinatus muscle strength is observed among 90% of patients treated by open technique while no significant improvement of infraspinatus muscle is seen (Kim et al. 2005). While there are no specific indications for arthroscopic suprascapular nerve decompression, it has been found to be similarly effective in resolving pain. However, extensive data is not available to show the effectiveness of the technique in treating muscle atrophy and weakness (Boykin et al. 2010). Nerve damage at spinoglenoid notch is usually secondary to nerve compression by the space-occupying lesion. Surgical management of such lesions often requires open or arthroscopic approach and resection of the lesion. It is noteworthy that patients with suprascapular neuropathy at spinoglenoid notch show poor results with physical therapy alone and thus are suggested to have surgical intervention immediately. Cyst recurrence rates are very low with both the methods (Petra et al. 2013). Literature review suggests that ultrasound-guided paralabral cyst aspiration is a good alternative to surgical intervention for suprascapular neuropathy due to compression at spinoglenoid notch. While the majority of patients reported excellent pain relief with the technique, recurrence rates for cyst are found to be between 75 100% (Moen et al. 2012). 4.3 Nerve Block: Nerve blocks are non-surgical treatment options for suprascapular neuropathy. Nerve blocks are usually administered to manage shoulder pain in preoperative setups as well as in the case of painful shoulder conditions like adhesive capsulitis. Diagnostic usage and specificity of nerve blocks are widely debated, but the blocks are used to achieve rapid symptomatic relief so that the patient can properly participate in the rehabilitation physical therapy. Nerve blocks consist of an injection of an anaesthetic mixed with corticosteroid administered to the suprascapular notch (Blum et al. 2013). Newer techniques like radiofrequency ablation of suprascapular nerve or palliative treatment for pain due to suprascapular neuropathy are still under consistent research phase and are not yet widely applied. 5. CONCLUSION The incidences of suprascapular neuropathy can be more easily recognised now due to increased understanding of the condition and improved diagnostic methods. Overhead athletes presenting with vague posterosuperior shoulder pain, muscle atrophy, weakness of supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons must be investigated for suprascapular neuropathy. The condition must also be investigated in all the athletes with rotator cuff tear, due to the high incidence. MRI and EMG are the most reliable diagnostic techniques to identify suprascapular neuropathy and rotator cuff health. Recently, fluoroscopically guided injections to the suprascapular notch are also gaining popularity as a diagnostic method for the condition. While conservative physical methods can be applied to treat the isolated suprascapular neuropathy, open or arthroscopic surgical corrections are compulsory to treat suprascapular neuropathy due to rotator cuff tear and cystic compression. REFERENCES:Ahlawat S, Wadhwa V, Belzberg AJ, Batra K, Chhabra A. (2015) Spectrum of suprascapular nerve lesions: normal and abnormal neuromuscular imaging appearances on 3-T MR neurography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 204 (3), 589-601. Arash A., Michael J., and Felix H. (2015) Suprascapular Nerve Release: General Principles. In: Elite Techniques in Shoulder Arthroscopy. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 271-281. Blum A, Lecocq S, Louis M, Wassel J, Moisei A, Teixeira P. (2013) The nerves around the shoulder. Eur J Radiol., 82(1),2-16. Boykin RE, Friedman DJ, Higgins LD, Warner JJ. (2010) Suprascapular neuropathy. J Bone Joint Surg Am., 92(13), 2348-64. Burkhart SS, Morgan CD, Kibler WB. (2003) The disabled throwing shoulder: spectrum of pathology Part III: The SICK scapula, scapular dyskinesis, the kinetic chain, and rehabilitation. Arthroscopy, 19(6), 641-61. Crema M., and Murakami A. (2016) Imaging of volleyball injuries. In: Imaging in Sports-Specific Musculoskeletal Injuries. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 663-695. Cummins CA, Schneider DS. (2008) Peripheral nerve injuries in baseball players. Neurol Clin., 26(1), 195-215. Debbie L., Angel M., William E., Susan V., and Ambrose J. (2014) Optimization and Standardization of Technique for Fluoroscopically Guided Suprascapular Nerve Blocks. American Journal of Roentgenology, 202(3), 576-584, 2014. Gosk J, Urban M, Rutowski R. (2007) Entrapment of the suprascapular nerve: anatomy, etiology, diagnosis, treatment. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil, 9(1), 68-74. Greiner K., Golser M, Wambacher F, Kralinger G, and Sperner T. (2003) The course of the suprascapular nerve in the supraspinatus fossa and its vulnerability in muscle advancement. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 12(3), 256-259. Kim D, Murovic JA, Tiel R, and Kline D. (2005) Management and outcomes of 42 surgical suprascapular nerve injuries and entrapments. Neurosurgery, 57(1), 120-127, 2005. Lajtai G, Pfirrmann CW, Aitzetmà ¼ller G, Pirkl C, Gerber C, and Jost B. (2009) The shoulders of professional beach volleyball players: high prevalence of infraspinatus muscle atrophy. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(7), 1375-1383. Larisa J., Elena J., Marisa J., and Jeffrey A. (2014) Evaluation, Treatment, and Outcomes of Suprascapular Neuropathy: A 5-Year Review. PM R, 6(9), 774-80. Lee BC, Yegappan M, Thiagarajan P. (2007) Suprascapular nerve neuropathy secondary to spinoglenoid notch ganglion cyst: case reports and review of literature. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 36(12),1032-5. Lewis L., Michael T., Paul Y., and Jon J. (2012) Suprascapular Nerve: Is It Important in Cuff Pathology? Advances in Orthopedics, Article ID 516985. Moen TC, Babatunde OM, Hsu SH, Ahmad CS, Levine WN. (2012) Suprascapular neuropathy: what does the literature show? J Shoulder Elbow Surg., 21(6), 835-46. Petra M, Gaspar S, Sven L, Peter H, and Mathias W. (2013) Results of Arthroscopic Partial Repair of Large Retracted Rotator Cuff Tears. Arthroscopy-The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, 29(8), 1275-1282, 2013. Pillai G, Baynes JR, Gladstone J, Flatow EL. (2011) Greater strength increase with cyst decompression and SLAP repair than SLAP repair alone. Clin Orthop Relat Res., 469(4), 1056-60. Plancher K., and Petterson S. (2016) Distal Suprascapular Nerve Compression: Spinoglenoid Ligament Release. In: Elite Techniques in Shoulder Arthroscopy. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 283-302. Podgorski M, Miroslaw T, Marcin S, Piotr G, Ludomir S, and Michal P. (2014) New parameters describing morphological variations in the suprascapular notch region as potential predictors of suprascapular nerve entrapment. Bmc Musculoskeletal Disorders, 15. Raddic R Wallace A. (2016) Arthroscopic release and labral repair for bifocal compression of the suprascapular nerve. Shoulder Elbow, 8(1), 32-36. Trojian T. (2015, October 13) Suprascapular Neuropathy. Retrieved from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/92672-overview

Intel Corei7 vs. Intel Duo 2 Core

Explanation: (Difference between Intel Core i7 and Core 2 Duo) – The Core i7 is a completely new architecture which is much faster and more efficient than the Core 2 Duo. Currently only the Core i7 920, 945 and 965 XE versions are available. Of that the Core i7 920 is available at just $284 which makes it a great buy. It offers better performance than almost all Core 2 Duo processors. Native Quad Core, More Cache and Hyper Threading: All the Core i7 processors are Native Quad cores (4 cores), which means that they actually have 4 cores on a single die, while the older Core 2 Duo processors like the Q6600 (2? = 4 cores) had two cores on a single die, and two such dies merged together. This increases the processing speed greatly. They also have 256 KB L2 cache per core and a shared 8 MB L3 cache which has proven to be much better than any cache configuration in Core 2 Duo. It also has HyperThreading support which means that each of the 4 cores can process 2 threads simultaneousl y, so you get 8 virtual cores. This helps in running many applications parallely and also in gaming. Quick Path Interconnect (QPI) and On Die Memory Controller:The Core i7 processors sport the new Quick Path Interconnect technology which replaces the FSB (Front Side Bus) to connect the various components in a computer. QPI is much faster than FSB and hence improves the overall performance. It is even faster than AMD’s similar HyperTransport 3. 0 standard. The Core i7 have an On Die Memory Controller which means that it can access memory much faster than the Core 2 Duo processors which had an external memory controller. Intel has borrowed this feature from AMD. All the four cores, memory controller, cache are on the same die which improves the speed and performance greatly.

Gilgamesh Heros Journey Analysis - 1052 Words

In The Epic of Gilgamesh we see an epic hero, Gilgamesh, rule over the town of Urik. He is a harsh ruler who makes his power known to his people. Shortly after this, he meets his equal in strength, Enkidu, who is a man from nature. Together these two conquer many lands until the gods decide that they are two powerful together, and they kill Enkidu. This loss to Gilgamesh forces him to go out wandering the land looking for answers to immorality. Everything that Gilgamesh does follows the character trail of an epic hero. The hero’s journey gives us a close representation to the archetype of Gilgamesh’s journey. However, in order to complete the hero’s journey to fit Gilgamesh’s, it needs to include a challenge of power and another†¦show more content†¦This is the beginning of a second expedition in the story. In the hero’s journey, it goes from the ultimate boon, which is Enkidu’s death, to refusal of return. This leaves out t he key factor that sparks the last journey of the story which is the call to adventure. Furthermore, the call to adventure needs to be placed after the ultimate boon because that event is the reason why Gilgamesh receives another call to adventure. Moreover, we see how these two key events that occur in The Epic of Gilgamesh must be added to the hero’s journey in order for it to completely fit Gilgamesh’s journey. Another way that the hero’s journey can be modified to better match Gilgamesh’s journey is by deleting two ideas that are less relevant. First, the temptation should be removed from the journey. The temptation is less revalent because the previous idea mentioned in the journey, meeting with the goddess, includes a temptation. â€Å"‘Come, Gilgamesh, be you my bridegroom!’† (Tablet VI, 7). Here we see Ishtar attempting to persuade Gilgamesh to make love with her. This event is put in the meeting with the goddess because Ishtar is a god, and she happens to be tempting Gilgamesh into something that could change the outcome of the story. Moreover, the meeting with the goddess make the temptation part of the hero’s journey useless; thus it should be removed. Not only should the temptation be removed, but the transcendence shouldShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Mortality In The Epic Of Gilgamesh1220 Words   |  5 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh: A Hero’s Journey Several themes are addressed throughout the Epic of Gilgamesh, but the most prominent lies within the confrontation and acceptance of mortality. Gilgamesh—king of Uruk, ambitious builder, and bravest of mercenaries—seems to be blessed by a combination of two-thirds godliness and one-third manliness, yet plagued by his very own immoderation and naivety. 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There are multiple ethnicities represented in this classroom, therefore it is paramount that everybody respects each other and appreciates what

Shakespeares Othello - There Would be No Othello Without...

There would be No Othello without Iagonbsp;nbsp; nbsp; Though the name of the play written by William Shakespeare is called Othello, the character Othello is not the main character, but rather Iago is. Iago is the character who drives the play, he is the one who makes things happen. Without his greed and hated, there would be no play at all. The whole play is centered around Iagos revenge and in doing so, he is willing to make other peoples lives miserable. Through Othello, Iago uses the other characters to avenge the wrong doings which Othello has inflicted upon him, and will go to any means to do so. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The play starts out with Iago not attaining the position he†¦show more content†¦Iago used Roderigo till the end and felt no remorse for it what so ever. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Iago not only wanted revenge on Othello, but as well on Cassio for stealing his job away from him. If I can fasten buy one cup upon him, with which he hath drunk tonight already, hell be as full of quarrel and offense as my young mistress dog Othello. Act II. iii. 49-52. Iago got Cassio so drunk that he got into a fight with another officer, and when Othello found out about this, he quickly fired him. Iago, befriending Cassio, told him to speak to Desdemona about getting his job back and this was done for a reason. Iago states his motives clearly. He intended to use Desdemonas righteousness against her. For whiles this honest fool (Cassio) Plies for Desdemona to repair his fortune, And she for him pleads strongly to the Moor, Ill pour this pestilence into his ear: That she repeals him for her bodys lust; And by how much she strives to do him good, She shall undo her credit with the Moor. So will I turn her virtue into pitch, And out of her own goodness make the net That shall enmesh them all. 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My definition of jealousy is where someone has something or is able to do something that another person can do. They are jealous because the other people are able to and have the things they want but can’t get. The play ‘Othello’ is inRead MoreOthello - Deception and Vision Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesDeception and Vision in Shakespeare’s Othello Walter Scott once stated, â€Å"Oh, what a tangled web we weave... when first we practice to deceive† (Quotation). Scott’s statement is overwhelmingly evident in William Shakespeares Othello. Deception is a reoccurring theme in Othello, that touches each character individually and on various levels. The theme that affects Othello directly is vision. 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